0 Brenner, R. J. Parisky, Y. 2007 Alternative breast-imaging approaches Radiol Clin North Am 45 907-23 17888777 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17888777 0 Shepherd, J. Lu, Y. 2007 A Generalized Least Significant Change for Individuals Measured on Different DXA Systems J Clin Densitom In Press 0 Shepherd, J. A. Lu, Y. 2007 A Generalized Least Significant Change for Individuals Measured on Different DXA Systems J Clin Densitom 17616413 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17616413 0 Lu, L. J. Nishino, T. K. Khamapirad, T. Grady, J. J. Leonard, M. H. Brunder, D. G. 2007 Computing mammographic density from a multiple regression model constructed with image-acquisition parameters from a full-field digital mammographic unit Phys Med Biol 52 4905-21 17671343 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17671343 0 Grady, D. Vittinghoff, E. Lin, F. Hanes, V. Ensrud, K. Habel, L. A. Wallace, R. Macer, J. Cummings, S. R. Shepherd, J. 2007 Effect of ultra-low-dose transdermal estradiol on breast density in postmenopausal women Menopause 14 391-6 17224859 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17224859 0 Tamimi, R. M. Byrne, C. Colditz, G. A. Hankinson, S. E. 2007 Endogenous hormone levels, mammographic density, and subsequent risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women J Natl Cancer Inst 99 1178-87 17652278 Adipose Tissue/radiography, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Breast/*pathology, Breast Neoplasms/blood/chemistry/*epidemiology/radiography, Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies, Confidence Intervals, Estradiol/*blood, Estrogens, Female, Humans, *Mamm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17652278 0 Lazzari, B. Belli, G. Gori, C. Rosselli Del Turco, M. 2007 Physical characteristics of five clinical systems for digital mammography Med Phys 34 2730-43 17821981 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17821981 0 Kotsuma, Y. Tamaki, Y. Nishimura, T. Tsubai, M. Ueda, S. Shimazu, K. Jin Kim, S. Miyoshi, Y. Tanji, Y. Taguchi, T. Noguchi, S. 2007 Quantitative assessment of mammographic density and breast cancer risk for Japanese women Breast 17716895 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17716895 0 Gao, J. Warren, R. Warren-Forward, H. Forbes, J. F. 2007 Reproducibility of visual assessment on mammographic density Breast Cancer Res Treat 17616811 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17616811 0 Zheng, D Huang, S Zhou, H Boone, J 2007 Simulation Studies On Contrast Enhanced Dual Energy Mammography Medical Physics 34 2606-2607 0 Kalkwarf, H. J. Zemel, B. S. Gilsanz, V. Lappe, J. M. Horlick, M. Oberfield, S. Mahboubi, S. Fan, B. Frederick, M. M. Winer, K. Shepherd, J. A. 2007 The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (BMDCS): Bone Mineral Content and Density According to Age, Sex and Race J Clin Endocrinol Metab 17311856 Context: Low bone mass may increase risk of fracture. Several chronic medical conditions, medications, and life style factors affect bone mineral accrual. Appropriate reference values are essential for identification of children with bone deficits. Objective: To establish reference curves for bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in children. Design: The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (BMDCS) is an ongoing longitudinal study in which measurements are obtained annually. Setting: Five clinical centers in the U.S. Participants: 1554 healthy children (761 male, 793 female) ages 6-16 years of all ethnicies Intervention: none Main Outcome Measures: Scans of the total body, lumbar spine, hip and forearm were obtained using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Percentile curves based on 3 annual measurements were generated using the LMS statistical procedure. Results: BMC of the total body and lumbar spine, and BMD of the total body, lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, and forearm are given for specific percentiles by sex, age and race (black vs. non-black). BMC and BMD were higher for blacks at all skeletal sites (p<0.0001). BMC and BMD increased with age, and a plateau was not evident by age 16 (girls) or age 17 (boys). The variation in BMC and BMD also increased with age. Conclusions: Age, race and sex specific reference curves can be used to help identify children with bone deficits, and for monitoring changes in bone in response to chronic diseases or therapies. 0021-972X (Print)Journal article http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17311856 0 Bondy, M. L. Newman, L. A. 2006 Assessing breast cancer risk: evolution of the Gail Model J Natl Cancer Inst 98 1172-3 16954464 Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/*prevention , &, control/*radiography, Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/prevention , &, control/radiography, Female, Humans, *Mammography/standards, Mathematical Computing, *Models, Statistical, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosi http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16954464 0 Kumar, A. S. Chen, D. F. Au, A. Chen, Y. Y. Leung, J. Garwood, E. R. Gibbs, J. Hylton, N. Esserman, L. J. 2006 Biologic significance of false-positive magnetic resonance imaging enhancement in the setting of ductal carcinoma in situ Am J Surg 192 520-4 16978965 Antigens, CD/metabolism, Antigens, CD34/metabolism, Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism, Breast Diseases/metabolism/*pathology, Breast Neoplasms/*metabolism/*pathology, Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/*metabolism/*pathology, Case- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16978965 0 McCormack, V. A. dos Santos Silva, I. 2006 Breast density and parenchymal patterns as markers of breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 1159-69 16775176 Breast Neoplasms/*pathology/prevention , &, control/radiography, Female, Humans, Mammography, Menopause, Risk Factors, Time Factors http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16775176 0 Shepherd, J. A. Fan, B. Lu, Y. Lewiecki, E. M. Miller, P. Genant, H. K. 2006 Comparison of BMD precision for Prodigy and Delphi spine and femur scans Osteoporos Int 17 1303-8 16823544 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16823544 0 Shepherd, J. A. Herve, L. Landau, J. Fan, B. Kerlikowske, K. Cummings, S. R. 2006 Clinical comparison of a novel breast DXA technique to mammographic density Med Phys 33 1490-8 16752583 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16752583 0 Shepherd, J. A. Lu, Y. Wilson, K. Fuerst, T. Genant, H. Hangartner, T. N. Wilson, C. Hans, D. Leib, E. S. 2006 Cross-calibration and minimum precision standards for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: the 2005 ISCD Official Positions J Clin Densitom 9 31-6 16731429 Bone Density, Calibration, Densitometry, X-Ray/instrumentation/*standards, Humans, Societies, Medical http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16731429 0 Brandan, M. E. Ramirez, R. V. 2006 Evaluation of dual-energy subtraction of digital mammography images under conditions found in a commercial unit Phys Med Biol 51 2307-20 16625044 *Algorithms, Densitometry, X-Ray/*instrumentation/methods, Equipment Design, Equipment Failure Analysis, Humans, Mammography/*instrumentation/methods, Radiographic Image Enhancement/*instrumentation/*methods, Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-As http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16625044 0 Esserman, L. J. Kumar, A. S. Herrera, A. F. Leung, J. Au, A. Chen, Y. Y. Moore, D. H. Chen, D. F. Hellawell, J. Wolverton, D. Hwang, E. S. Hylton, N. M. 2006 Magnetic resonance imaging captures the biology of ductal carcinoma in situ J Clin Oncol 24 4603-10 17008702 Adult, Aged, Antigens, CD/biosynthesis, Antigens, CD34/biosynthesis, Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis, Breast Neoplasms/*diagnosis/*radiography, Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/*diagnosis/*radiography, Humans, Immunohistochem http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17008702 0 Barlow, W. E. White, E. Ballard-Barbash, R. Vacek, P. M. Titus-Ernstoff, L. Carney, P. A. Tice, J. A. Buist, D. S. Geller, B. M. Rosenberg, R. Yankaskas, B. C. Kerlikowske, K. 2006 Prospective breast cancer risk prediction model for women undergoing screening mammography J Natl Cancer Inst 98 1204-14 16954473 Adult, Aged, Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/prevention , &, control/*radiography, Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/epidemiology/radiography, Confounding Factors (Epidemiology), Female, Humans, Incidence, Logistic Models, *Mammography, *Mass Screening, Middle Ag http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16954473 0 Bennett, H. S. Dienstfrey, A. Hudson, L. T. Oreskovic, T. Fuerst, T. Shepherd, J. 2006 Standards and Measurements for Assessing Bone Health-Workshop Report Co-Sponsored by the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) J Clin Densitom 9 399-405 17097524 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17097524 31 Leung, J. W. T. Fan, B. Kerlikowske, K. Chen, J. Shepherd, J. A. 2006 Single X-Ray Absorptiometry for Measuring Breast Density Compared with Visual Inspection by Radiologists: Inter- and Intraobserver Variability Vancouver, Canada PURPOSE: Breast density is one of the strongest risk factors associated with increased breast cancer risk. Yet, there is no uniformly accepted clinical method of determining breast density. We measured the level of agreement in assessing breast density by visual inspection and correlation of visual inspection with an automated method using single x-ray absorptiometry (SXA).MATERIAL AND METHODS: The SXA method measures breast density by comparing extent of opacity present on mammograms to fat and glandular reference standards imaged with the craniocaudal breast view. SXA breast density (BD-SXA) is calculated using mathematical derivations previously described. We applied this automated technique to 286 consecutive film screen mammograms and then digitized the 286 screens to assess BI-RADS breast density. Blinded to BD-SXA results, 2 radiologists assigned BI-RADS density categories (1-fatty; 2-scattered fibroglandular densities; 3-heterogeneously dense; 4-extremely dense) to soft-copy digitized film screen on two separate occasions. The second reading occurred at least 1 month after the first reading. Radiologist A was a fellowship-trained mammographer with 7 years of experience. Radiologist B was a fourth-year radiology resident. A weighted kappa statistic was used to assess the variability in assigning BI-RADS categories between radiologists and within radiologists. Statistical significance was shown using 95% confidence interval (CI). Disagreement was considered to exist if there were any categorical differences between readings. Correlation between BI-RADS breast density category and BD-SXA was determined for each radiologist.RESULTS: Agreement between two radiologists using BI-RADS breast density was substantial (kappa 0.79; 95% CI: 0.72-0.85). Agreement on repeat reading by the same radiologist using BI-RADS was less (kappa 0.67 for Radiologist A [95% CI: 0.59-0.75] and 0.53 [95% CI: 0.45-0.61] for Radiologist B) than agreement between radiologists. Correlation of BI-RADS assessment with BD-SXA (kappa-values of 0.47 [95% CI: 0.73-0.57] and 0.42 [95% CI: 0.33-0.51] for radiologist A and B, respectively) was moderate.CONCLUSION:There is moderate to substantial agreement in assigning BI-RADS breast density on screening mammography examinations. Correlation of BI-RADS and BD-SXA was modest. This suggests that BD-SXA is measuring breast density differently than a qualitative assessment. Future studies will examine whether BD-SXA is more strongly associated with breast cancer risk than BI-RADS breast density.¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬_______________________________________________________________________KappaWeighted KappaIntraobserver variabilityJessica vs. Jessica0.530.67Jing vs. Jing0.310.53Interobserver variabilityJessica vs. Jing0.670.79Jessica vs. BD-SXA0.280.47Jing vs. BD-SXA0.220.420.59-0.750.45-0.610.72-0.850.37-0.570.33-0.51 0 van Engeland, S. Snoeren, P. R. Huisman, H. Boetes, C. Karssemeijer, N. 2006 Volumetric breast density estimation from full-field digital mammograms IEEE Trans Med Imaging 25 273-82 16524084 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16524084 0 Kerlikowske, K. Shepherd, J. Creasman, J. Tice, J. A. Ziv, E. Cummings, S. R. 2005 Are breast density and bone mineral density independent risk factors for breast cancer? J Natl Cancer Inst 97 368-74 15741573 Adult, Aged, *Bone Density, Breast/*pathology, Breast Neoplasms/*etiology/*pathology/radiography, California, Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/etiology/pathology, Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/etiology/pathology, Case-Control Studies, Cross-Sectional http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15741573 0 Kappadath, S. C. Shaw, C. C. 2005 Dual-energy digital mammography for calcification imaging: scatter and nonuniformity corrections Med Phys 32 3395-408 16372415 Algorithms, Breast/pathology, Breast Diseases/*diagnosis, Calcification, Physiologic, Calibration, Humans, Mammography/*methods, Models, Statistical, Phantoms, Imaging, Radiographic Image Enhancement, Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16372415 31 Fan, B. Shepherd, J. Gilsanz, V. Horlick, M. Kalkwarf, H. Lappe, J. Zemel, B. Fredrick, M. Winer, K. 2005 Forearm length measurement errors affect pediatric BMD New Orleans, LA Placement of the region of interest (ROI) for analysis of a standard forearm dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan requires a precise forearm length measurement, as placement of the ROI affects the bone mineral density (BMD) results of the scan. In longitudinal pediatric studies, this is potentially a major source of error because subjects are still growing. To determine if inaccuracy of forearm length measurement has an impact on the BMD results of the radius and to compare this to reference forearm growth rate, we studied forearm DXA scans from 1554 children, ages 6 to 16, (863 girls) who were enrolled in BMDCS at 5 clinical centers. Each subject had a baseline and a one year follow-up scan of the forearm on the Hologic Delphi. Forearm length measurements were obtained at each visit. We found that the cross-sectional growth rate in forearm length is similar between boys and girls, with a steady increase of about 9mm/year till age 10, after which the mean growth rate declines. The longitudinal change rate at 3 study sites followed a similar pattern as the cross-sectional changes. The remaining two sites showed one with significantly higher growth rate and the other with a negative growth rate. 34 of those scans were chosen for reanalysis after intentionally shortening the original forearm length by 10 mm. The change in BMD between the original and shortened length data was 0.9 and 1.5% for the mid and total radii, respectively (p<0.05). These data demonstrate normal forearm lengths versus age and shows that measurements of BMD are clinically insensitive to minor errors in forearm length. 0 Shepherd, J. A. Meta, M. Landau, J. Sherrer, Y. S. Goddard, D. H. Ovalle, M. I. Rosholm, A. Genant, H. K. 2005 Metacarpal index and bone mineral density in healthy African-American women Osteoporos Int 16 1621-6 15947863 Adult, *African Americans, Aged, Bone Density/*physiology, Comparative Study, Databases, Factual, Densitometry, X-Ray/methods, European Continental Ancestry Group, Female, Humans, Metacarpal Bones/anatomy , , &, , histology/*physiology/radiography, Middle http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15947863 0 Shepherd, J. A. Herve, L. Landau, J. Fan, B. Kerlikowske, K. Cummings, S. R. 2005 Novel use of Single X-Ray Absorptiometry for Measuring Breast Density Technol Cancer Res Treat 4 173-82 15773786 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15773786 0 Melton, L. J., 3rd Looker, A. C. Shepherd, J. A. O'Connor, M. K. Achenbach, S. J. Riggs, B. L. Khosla, S. 2005 Osteoporosis assessment by whole body region vs. site-specific DXA Osteoporos Int 16 1558-64 15812599 Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Densitometry, X-Ray/*methods, Female, Fractures, Bone/etiology/physiopathology, Hip, Humans, Lumbar Vertebrae, Male, Middle Aged, Osteoporosis/*diagnosis/epidemiology/physiopathology, Pelvis, Prevalence, Research Support, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15812599 31 Yaffe, M. 2005 Personal Communcation Manchester, England 0 Schoeller, D. A. Tylavsky, F. A. Baer, D. J. Chumlea, W. C. Earthman, C. P. Fuerst, T. Harris, T. B. Heymsfield, S. B. Horlick, M. Lohman, T. G. Lukaski, H. C. Shepherd, J. Siervogel, R. M. Borrud, L. G. 2005 QDR 4500A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer underestimates fat mass in comparison with criterion methods in adults Am J Clin Nutr 81 1018-25 15883424 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15883424 31 Shepherd, J Herve, L Fan, B Cummings, S Margolin, F Kerlikowske, K 2005 Quantitative Mammographic Absorptiometry to measure breast density in clinical practice Presented at the 91st Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America Chicago, IL 31 Shepherd, J. Herve, L. Fan, B. Cummings, S. Margolin, F. Kerlikowske, K. 2005 Quantitative Mammographic Absorptiometry to measure breast density in clinical practice Chicago, IL Purpose: To determine if Quantitative Mammographic Absorptiometry (QMA), a novel automated method to measure volumetric compositional breast density that has been integrated into clinical care, is associated with standard breast cancer risk factors. Methods: Radiographic uniformity and calibration of attenuation to measure breast composition from standard mammograms is not known. We designed a calibration method that includes a correction algorithm, quality control and within-image reference phantom to automatically quantify breast density. The within-image reference phantom consists of two polymers atomically equivalent to adipose fat and breast fibroglandular materials. The phantom is being compressed and imaged with the screening craniocaudal views at California Pacific Medical Center Breast Health Center in San Francisco, CA. The reference phantom has been placed between compression surfaces. For small breasts, the two wedges slide away from each other to provide a thin reference at the thickness of the breast, while with large breasts, the wedges spring together for a thick reference. Comparing the attenuation of the reference materials to the breast pixels calibrates each breast pixel to % fibroglandular density. Summing all pixels in a mammogram results in a total percent fibroglandular density (BDQMA). Risk factor information isself-reported and collected on a survey with standardized questions created by the NIH-funded San Francisco Mammography Registry. We tested the association between BDQMA and age, family history of breast cancer, age at first live birth, menopause, postmenopausal hormone therapy and body massindex adjusting for age. Results: From April to December 2004, 1764 women had a BMQMA measure with 7% having a measure of <10%, 33% of 10-25%, 41% of 26-50%, 17% of 51-75%, and 2% greater than 75%. We found strong relationships between BDQMA and age (P< 0.001), current postmenopausalhormone therapy (P= 0.05), menopause (P< 0.001), and body mass index (P<0.001). BDQMA was not associated with age at first live birth or family history of breast cancer. Analyses measuring the association of BDQMA and breast cancer are underway. Conclusion: BDQMA is associated with characteristics that are known from previous work to be related to mammographic breast density, a strong predictor of breast cancer risk. This suggests BDQMA will be associated with breast cancer risk. 0 Binkley, N. Kiebzak, G. M. Lewiecki, E. M. Krueger, D. Gangnon, R. E. Miller, P. D. Shepherd, J. A. Drezner, M. K. 2005 Recalculation of the NHANES database SD improves T-score agreement and reduces osteoporosis prevalence J Bone Miner Res 20 195-201 15647812 Bone Density, Bone and Bones/pathology, Databases, Densitometry, Densitometry, X-Ray/*methods/*standards, Female, Femur/pathology, Femur Neck/pathology, Humans, Osteoporosis/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, Postmenopause, Prevalence, Software, Time Factors http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15647812 0 Prevrhal, S. Lu, Y. Genant, H. K. Toschke, J. O. Shepherd, J. A. 2005 Towards standardization of dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the forearm: a common region of interest (ROI) improves the comparability among DXA devices Calcif Tissue Int 76 348-54 15868279 Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, *Bone Density, Densitometry, X-Ray/*instrumentation/*standards, Female, Forearm, Humans, Middle Aged, Radius/metabolism/*radiography, Retrospective Studies, Ulna/metabolism/*radiography http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15868279 0 Prevrhal, S. Lu, Y. Genant, H. K. Toschke, J. O. Shepherd, J. A. 2005 Towards standardization of dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the forearm: a common region of interest (ROI) improves the comparability among DXA devices Calcif Tissue Int 76 348-54 15868279 Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, *Bone Density, Densitometry, X-Ray/*instrumentation/*standards, Female, Forearm, Humans, Middle Aged, Radius/metabolism/*radiography, Retrospective Studies, Ulna/metabolism/*radiography Manufacturer-implemented regions of interest (ROIs) to determine the bone mineral density (BMD) at the forearm are currently not standardized across dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) devices. We hypothesized that their differences introduce considerable variation in measurement results for forearm BMD when taken on different devices, and that a ROIs common to all devices with standardized placement and size significantly improve device comparability. The common ROI was defined to have a fixed length of 2 cm and to extend proximally from the location where the ulna and radius bones superimpose on the DXA image. The effects of universal standardization of forearm BMD were combined with and compared to those of the common ROI. They were drawn on 91 female study participants (ages 20-80 years, 10 per decade) who were scanned on Hologic QDR-4500, Aloka DCS-600EX, GE Lunar PIXI and Norland pDEXA DXA scanners. For all device combinations, manufacturer-implemented ROI root mean-square errors were significantly higher than for the common ROI, suggesting that implementing an ROI with common design on all scanners is a good way to reduce interdevice variability. When manufacturer-implemented ROIs were universally standardized root mean-square error (RMSE) values were less different from that of the nonstandardized Common ROI, suggesting that universal standardization can further improve interdevice comparability even when a common ROI such as the one implemented here is used. ROI standardization dramatically improves interdevice comparability. 0171-967X (Print)Comparative StudyJournal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15868279 31 Shepherd, J. A. Lu, Y. 2004 Least Significant Change in Bone Densitometry for Individuals Measured on Different Devices Hans, D. 16th International Bone Densitometry Workshop Annecy, France 31 Shepherd, J. A. Lu, Y. 2004 Least Significant Change in Bone Densitometry for Individuals Measured on Different Devices Hans, D. Annecy, France 0 Ziv, E. Tice, J. Smith-Bindman, R. Shepherd, J. Cummings, S. Kerlikowske, K. 2004 Mammographic density and estrogen receptor status of breast cancer Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13 2090-5 15598766 Adult, Aged, Breast Neoplasms/*pathology/*radiography, Female, Humans, *Mammography, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Receptors, Estrogen/*analysis, Registries/*statistics , , &, , numerical data, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov, , ', , t, Research http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15598766 0 Harvey, J. A. 2004 Quantitative assessment of percent breast density: analog versus digital acquisition Technol Cancer Res Treat 3 611-6 15560719 Breast Neoplasms/*pathology, Comparative Study, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Mammography/*instrumentation/*methods, Risk Factors, Software http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15560719 0 Klifa, C. Carballido-Gamio, J. Wilmes, L. Laprie, A. Lobo, C. DeMicco, E. Watkins, M. Shepherd, J. A. Gibbs, J. Hylton, N. 2004 Quantification of Breast Tissue Index from MR data using Fuzzy Clustering IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 3 1667-1670 0 Cuzick, J. Warwick, J. Pinney, E. Warren, R. M. Duffy, S. W. 2004 Tamoxifen and breast density in women at increased risk of breast cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 96 621-8 15100340 Adult, Aged, Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/*administration , &, dosage, Breast/drug effects/*pathology, Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/*prevention , &, control/radiography, Double-Blind Method, Estrogen Receptor Modulators/*administration , &, dosage http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15100340 0 Pawluczyk, O. Augustine, B. J. Yaffe, M. J. Rico, D. Yang, J. Mawdsley, G. E. Boyd, N. F. 2003 A volumetric method for estimation of breast density on digitized screen-film mammograms Med Phys 30 352-64 12674236 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12674236 0 Prevrhal, S. Fox, J. C. Shepherd, J. A. Genant, H. K. 2003 Accuracy of CT-based thickness measurement of thin structures: modeling of limited spatial resolution in all three dimensions Med Phys 30 1-8 12557971 Computer Simulation, Imaging, Three-Dimensional/instrumentation/*methods, Lumbar Vertebrae/radiography, Models, Biological, *Phantoms, Imaging, Quality Control, Radiographic Image Enhancement/instrumentation/*methods, Reproducibility of Results, Scatter http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12557971 0 Smith, R. A. Saslow, D. Sawyer, K. A. Burke, W. Costanza, M. E. Evans, W. P., 3rd Foster, R. S., Jr. Hendrick, E. Eyre, H. J. Sener, S. 2003 American Cancer Society guidelines for breast cancer screening: update 2003 CA Cancer J Clin 53 141-69 12809408 Adult, Aged, Breast Neoplasms/*diagnosis/epidemiology, Diagnostic Imaging, Female, Humans, Mammography, Mass Screening/methods/*standards, Middle Aged, Physical Examination, Risk Factors http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12809408 0 Rockhill, B. Byrne, C. Rosner, B. Louie, M. M. Colditz, G. 2003 Breast cancer risk prediction with a log-incidence model: evaluation of accuracy J Clin Epidemiol 56 856-61 14505770 Aged, Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology, Confidence Intervals, Female, Humans, Incidence, *Logistic Models, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14505770 0 Kappadath, S. C. Shaw, C. C. 2003 Dual-energy digital mammography: calibration and inverse-mapping techniques to estimate calcification thickness and glandular-tissue ratio Med Phys 30 1110-7 12852535 *Algorithms, Breast Neoplasms/complications/*radiography, Calcinosis/complications/*radiography, Comparative Study, Densitometry, X-Ray/*methods, Energy Transfer, Human, Mammography/instrumentation/*methods, Phantoms, Imaging, Radiographic Image Enhanceme http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12852535 0 Lewin, J. M. Isaacs, P. K. Vance, V. Larke, F. J. 2003 Dual-energy contrast-enhanced digital subtraction mammography: feasibility Radiology 229 261-8 12888621 Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Breast Neoplasms/*radiography, Carcinoma/*radiography, *Contrast Media, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Iohexol/*diagnostic use, *Mammography/methods, Middle Aged, *Radiography, Dua http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12888621 0 Taibi, A Fabbri, S di Maggio, C Gennaro, G Marziani, M Tuffanelli, A Gambaccini, M 2003 Dual-energy imaging in full-field digital mammography: a phantom study Phys Med Biol 48 1945-1956 stacks.iop.org/PMB/48/1945 0 Ziv, E. Shepherd, J. Smith-Bindman, R. Kerlikowske, K. 2003 Mammographic breast density and family history of breast cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 95 556-8 12671024 Adipose Tissue/pathology/radiography, Aged, Breast/*pathology, Breast Neoplasms/*genetics/*radiography, Confidence Intervals, Female, Humans, *Mammography, Medical History Taking, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Registries, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov, , ', , http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12671024 31 Lu, Y Zhao, S 2003 Statistical Methods for Quality Control and Quality Improvements and Their Applications in Radiology. Lu, Y Fang, J Advanced Medical Statistics Singpore World Scientific Publisher 101-156 0 Prevrhal, S. Shepherd, J. A. Smith-Bindman, R. Cummings, S. R. Kerlikowske, K. 2002 Accuracy of mammographic breast density analysis: results of formal operator training Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11 1389-93 12433716 Adult, Breast/*pathology/surgery, Breast Neoplasms/radiography/surgery, California, Comparative Study, Education, Female, Humans, Mammography, Odds Ratio, Radiology/education, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov, , ', , t, Statistic http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12433716 0 Kuzmiak, C. M. Millnamow, G. A. Qaqish, B. Pisano, E. D. Cole, E. B. Brown, M. E. 2002 Comparison of full-field digital mammography to screen-film mammography with respect to diagnostic accuracy of lesion characterization in breast tissue biopsy specimens Acad Radiol 9 1378-82 12553348 Adult, Aged, Biopsy, Breast Neoplasms/*diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology, Calcinosis/diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology, Carcinoma, Infiltrating Duct/*diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology, Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/*diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12553348 0 Grigorian, M. Shepherd, J. A. Cheng, X. G. Njeh, C. F. Toschke, J. O. Genant, H. K. 2002 Does osteoporosis classification using heel BMD agree across manufacturers? Osteoporos Int 13 613-7 12181618 Adult, Aged, Bone Density/physiology, Calcaneus, Densitometry, X-Ray/instrumentation/methods/*standards, Female, Human, Linear Models, Middle Age, Osteoporosis/classification/*radiography, Phantoms, Imaging/statistics , , &, , numerical data, Reference St http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12181618 0 Sherman, M. E. Shepherd, J. Frassetto, L. Genant, H. K. 2002 Discrepancy in results between spine and hip scans of a woman with end stage renal disease J Clin Densitom 5 95-8 11940734 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11940734 0 Zhao, J. Wu, R. Au, A. Marquez, A. Yu, Y. Shi, Z. 2002 Determination of HER2 gene amplification by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) in archival breast carcinoma Mod Pathol 15 657-65 12065780 Breast Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/*pathology, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, In Situ Hybridization/*methods, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Receptor, erbB-2/analysis/*genetics http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12065780 0 Mingin, G. C. Nguyen, H. T. Mathias, R. S. Shepherd, J. A. Glidden, D. Baskin, L. S. 2002 Growth and metabolic consequences of bladder augmentation in children with myelomeningocele and bladder exstrophy Pediatrics 110 1193-8 12456918 Adolescent, Adult, Bicarbonates/*blood, Bladder Exstrophy/complications/metabolism/*surgery, Bladder, Neurogenic/etiology/prevention , , &, , control, Body Height, Bone Density, Calcium/metabolism, Child, *Child Development, Chlorides/*blood, Female, Foll http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12456918 0 Boyd, N. F. Dite, GS Stone, J. Gunasekara, A. English, DR McCredie, MRE Giles, GG Tritchler, D. L. Chiarelli, A Yaffe, M. Hopper, JL 2002 Heritability of mammographic density, a risk factor for breast cancer N Engl J Med 347 886-894 www.nejm.org 0 Shepherd, J. A. Kerlikowske, K. M. Smith-Bindman, R. Genant, H. K. Cummings, S. R. 2002 Measurement of breast density with dual X-ray absorptiometry: feasibility Radiology 223 554-7 11997567 Adipose Tissue/anatomy , , &, , histology/radiography, Breast/*anatomy , , &, , histology, Cadaver, Densitometry, X-Ray/*instrumentation, Feasibility Studies, Female, Human, Phantoms, Imaging, Regression Analysis, Support, Non-U.S. Gov, , ', , t, Support, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11997567 0 Stone, M. F. Zhao, W. Jacak, B. V. O'Connor, P. Yu, B. Rehak, P. 2002 The x-ray sensitivity of amorphous selenium for mammography Med Phys 29 319-24 11929014 Electrons, Female, Glass, Humans, Mammography/*methods, Photons, Selenium/*diagnostic use, Sensitivity and Specificity, Time Factors, X-Rays http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11929014 0 Shepherd, J. A. Cheng, X. G. Lu, Y. Njeh, C. Toschke, J. Engelke, K. Grigorian, M. Genant, H. K. 2002 Universal standardization of forearm bone densitometry J Bone Miner Res 17 734-45 11918231 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11918231 0 Hojo, T. Akiyama, Y. Nagasaki, K. Maruyama, K. Kikuchi, K. Ikeda, T. Kitajima, M. Yamaguchi, K. 2001 Association of maspin expression with the malignancy grade and tumor vascularization in breast cancer tissues Cancer Lett 171 103-10 11485832 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11485832 0 Njeh, C. F. Saeed, I. Grigorian, M. Kendler, D. L. Fan, B. Shepherd, J. McClung, M. Drake, W. M. Genant, H. K. 2001 Assessment of bone status using speed of sound at multiple anatomical sites Ultrasound Med Biol 27 1337-45 11731047 Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anthropometry, *Bone Density, Bone and Bones/*ultrasonography, Female, Fingers/ultrasonography, Human, Metatarsus/ultrasonography, Middle Age, Osteoporosis/*physiopathology/ultrasonography, Physics, Radius/ultrasonography http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11731047 0 Konez, O. Goyal, M. Reaven, R. E. 2001 Can tamoxifen cause a significant mammographic density change in breast parenchyma? Clin Imaging 25 303-8 11682285 Aged, Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/*pharmacology, Breast/anatomy , &, histology/*drug effects, Breast Neoplasms/*prevention , &, control/*radiography/surgery, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Mammography, Tamoxifen/*pharmacology http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11682285 0 Lu, Y. Genant, H. K. Shepherd, J. Zhao, S. Mathur, A. Fuerst, T. P. Cummings, S. R. 2001 Classification of osteoporosis based on bone mineral densities J Bone Miner Res 16 901-10 11341335 Adult, Aged, Bone Density, Female, Hip Fractures/physiopathology, Human, Osteoporosis/*classification/*physiopathology, Spinal Fractures/physiopathology http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11341335 0 Maass, N. Teffner, M. Rosel, F. Pawaresch, R. Jonat, W. Nagasaki, K. Rudolph, P. 2001 Decline in the expression of the serine proteinase inhibitor maspin is associated with tumour progression in ductal carcinomas of the breast J Pathol 195 321-6 11673829 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11673829 0 Njeh, C. F. Chen, M. B. Fan, B. Grigorian, M. Shepherd, J. A. Saeed, I. Genant, H. K. 2001 Evaluation of a gel-coupled quantitative ultrasound device for bone status assessment J Ultrasound Med 20 1219-28 11758027 Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, *Bone Density, Calcaneus/*ultrasonography, Case-Control Studies, Female, Fractures, Spontaneous/ultrasonography, Human, Middle Age, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/ultrasonography, Support, Non-U.S. Gov, , ', , t, Transducers, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11758027 0 Njeh, C. F. Chen, M. B. Fan, B. Grigorian, M. Shepherd, J. A. Saeed, I. Genant, H. K. 2001 Evaluation of a gel-coupled quantitative ultrasound device for bone status assessment J Ultrasound Med 20 1219-28 11758027 Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, *Bone Density, Calcaneus/*ultrasonography, Case-Control Studies, Female, Fractures, Spontaneous/ultrasonography, Human, Middle Age, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/ultrasonography, Support, Non-U.S. Gov, , ', , t, Transducers, OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a new gel-coupled calcaneal quantitative ultrasound system, Osteospace (Medilink, Montpellier, France), which was designed to assess the status of bone in the calcaneus. METHODS: The study group consisted of 215 healthy white women aged 20 to 85 years and 51 white women aged 60 to 86 years with osteoporotic fractures. Fifty-two healthy women aged 50 to 85 years were randomly selected from the healthy cohort as the control group. All the women had calcaneal quantitative ultrasonic measurements. The women with osteoporotic fractures and the control group also had proximal femur and lumbar anteroposterior spine bone mineral density measurements using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Bone mineral density was also measured in a subgroup of 54 women at the calcaneus. RESULTS: There was a significant inverse correlation of broadband ultrasound attenuation and speed of sound with age (P < .001). Short-term measurement precision values expressed as coefficients of variation were 1.72% for broadband ultrasound attenuation and 0.64% for speed of sound, and standardized short-term precision values were 6.09% for broadband ultrasound attenuation and 3.87% for speed of sound. The correlations between the quantitative ultrasonic parameters and calcaneal bone mineral density were 0.69 (P = .0001) for broadband ultrasound attenuation and 0.45 (P = .0008) for speed of sound. Both quantitative ultrasonic parameters and all bone mineral density measurements of the hip and spine differed significantly between the control and osteoporotic fracture groups (P < .01). Age-, weight-, and height-adjusted odds ratios per SD decrease were as follows: broadband ultrasound attenuation, 1.79; speed of sound, 1.83; spine bone mineral density, 2.34; femoral neck bone mineral density, 1.69; and total hip bone mineral density, 1.85. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for quantitative ultrasound parameters and bone mineral density measurements were close, ranging from 0.75 to 0.80. CONCLUSIONS: This new quantitative ultrasound system can detect age- and menopause-related influences on skeletal status and can discriminate healthy women from those with osteoporotic fractures in a manner comparable with that of bone mineral density measurement by dual X-ray absorptiometry. 0278-4297Evaluation StudiesJournal Article http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11758027 0 Pawluczyk, O. Yaffe, M. J. 2001 Field nonuniformity correction for quantitative analysis of digitized mammograms Med Phys 28 438-44 11339739 Breast/pathology, Calibration, Female, Human, *Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Mammography/*instrumentation/*methods, Models, Statistical, Phantoms, Imaging, Photons, X-Rays http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11339739 0 Guo, Y. P. Martin, L. J. Hanna, W. Banerjee, D. Miller, N. Fishell, E. Khokha, R. Boyd, N. F. 2001 Growth factors and stromal matrix proteins associated with mammographic densities Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10 243-8 11303594 Age Factors, Biopsy, Needle, Breast Neoplasms/*pathology/*radiography, Culture Techniques, Diagnosis, Differential, Extracellular Matrix Proteins/analysis, Female, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*analysis, Mammography/*methods, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11303594 0 Tlsty, T. D. Hein, P. W. 2001 Know thy neighbor: stromal cells can contribute oncogenic signals Curr Opin Genet Dev 11 54-9 11163151 Carcinogens/toxicity, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Cell Transformation, Viral, Extracellular Matrix/metabolism, Human, Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism, Neoplasms/*etiology/pathology, *Oncogenes, Phenotype, *Signal Transduction, Stromal Cells/meta http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11163151 0 Lu, Y. Fuerst, T. Hui, S. Genant, H. K. 2001 Standardization of bone mineral density at femoral neck, trochanter and Ward's triangle Osteoporos Int 12 438-44 11446558 Analysis of Variance, *Bone Density, Densitometry, X-Ray/instrumentation/*standards, Female, Femur Neck/physiopathology, Human, Phantoms, Imaging, Postmenopause/physiology, Reference Standards http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11446558 0 Tlsty, T. D. 2001 Stromal cells can contribute oncogenic signals Semin Cancer Biol 11 97-104 11322829 Animals, Humans, Male, Neoplasms/drug therapy/metabolism/*pathology, Signal Transduction/*physiology, Stromal Cells/*physiology http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11322829 0 Gail, M. H. Costantino, J. P. 2001 Validating and improving models for projecting the absolute risk of breast cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 93 334-5 11238688 Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/ethnology/genetics, Carcinoma in Situ/epidemiology, Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/epidemiology, Case-Control Studies, Female, Humans, *Models, Statistical, Odds Ratio, Predictive Value of Tests, Reproducibility of Results, Risk, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11238688 0 Rockhill, B. Spiegelman, D. Byrne, C. Hunter, D. J. Colditz, G. A. 2001 Validation of the Gail et al. model of breast cancer risk prediction and implications for chemoprevention J Natl Cancer Inst 93 358-66 11238697 Aged, Anticarcinogenic Agents/*therapeutic use, Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy/*epidemiology/etiology/*prevention , &, control, European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics , &, numerical data, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, *Models, Statistical, Odds Ra http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11238697 0 Stefanoyiannis, A. P. Costaridou, L. Sakellaropoulos, P. Panayiotakis, G. 2000 A digital density equalization technique to improve visualization of breast periphery in mammography Br J Radiol 73 410-20. Breast Neoplasms/*radiography, Female, Human, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/*methods, Mammography/*methods, Radiographic Image Enhancement, Support, Non-U.S. Gov, ', t, Terminology 0 Vachon, C. M. Kuni, C. C. Anderson, K. Anderson, V. E. Sellers, T. 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Venzon, D. Jones, E. C. Premkumar, A. O'Shaughnessy, J. Zujewski, J. 2000 Effect of tamoxifen on mammographic density Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9 917-21 11008909 Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Breast/*drug effects, Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy/pathology, Carcinoma in Situ/drug therapy/pathology, Carcinoma, Infiltr http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11008909 0 Lele, S. M. Graves, K. Gatalica, Z. 2000 Immunohistochemical detection of maspin is a useful adjunct in distinguishing radial sclerosing lesion from tubular carcinoma of the breast Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 8 32-6 10937046 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10937046 0 Shepherd, J. A. Njeh, C. Cheng, X. Toschke, J. Fuerst, T. Genant, H. K. 2000 Osteoporosis Diagnostic Comparison of Six Forearm Bone Densitometers Submitted to the J. Bone and Miner. Research in the Fall of 2000. 0 Brisson, J. Brisson, B. Cote, G. Maunsell, E. Berube, S. Robert, J. 2000 Tamoxifen and mammographic breast densities Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9 911-5 11008908 Adult, Breast/anatomy , &, histology/*drug effects, Breast Neoplasms/*prevention , &, control, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Linear Models, Logistic Models, Mammography, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Risk Factors, Selective Estrogen Recepto http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11008908 0 Genant, H. K. Li, J. Wu, C. Y. Shepherd, J. A. 2000 Vertebral fractures in osteoporosis: A new method for clinical assessment J Clin Densitom 3 281-90. 0 Brismar, T. Shepherd, J. A. von Scheven, E. Genant, H. K. 2000 Whole-Body Bone Mineral Apparent Density (WBMAD) - Introduction of a New Variable for Evaluation of Paediatric Skeletal Status Osteoporosis International 11 S18 0 Kerlikowske, K. Salzmann, P. Phillips, K. A. Cauley, J. A. Cummings, S. R. 1999 Continuing screening mammography in women aged 70 to 79 years: impact on life expectancy and cost-effectiveness Jama 282 2156-63 Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bone Density, Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/prevention , &, amp, control, Carcinoma in Situ/epidemiology/prevention , &, amp, control, Carcinoma, Infiltrating Duct/epidemiology/prevention , &, amp, control, Cost-Benefit Analysis, 0 Shepherd, J. A. Gruner, S. M. 1999 Comment on "A Monte Carlo study of x-ray fluorescence in x-ray detectors" [Med. Phys. 26, 905-916 (1999)] [letter] Med Phys 26 2706 Fluorescence, *Monte Carlo Method, Radiography/*instrumentation/*methods, X-Ray Film 0 Greendale, G. A. Reboussin, B. A. Sie, A. Singh, H. R. Olson, L. K. Gatewood, O. Bassett, L. W. Wasilauskas, C. Bush, T. Barrett-Connor, E. 1999 Effects of estrogen and estrogen-progestin on mammographic parenchymal density. Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Investigators Ann Intern Med 130 262-9 Breast/*drug effects, Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced, Confounding Factors (Epidemiology), Double-Blind Method, Estrogen Replacement Therapy/*adverse effects, Estrogens, Conjugated/adverse effects/*pharmacology, Female, Human, Longitudinal Studies, *M 7 Highnam, R. Brady, M. 1999 Mammographic Image Analysis Dordrecht Kluwer 0 Atkinson, C. Warren, R. Bingham, S. A. Day, N. E. 1999 Mammographic patterns as a predictive biomarker of breast cancer risk: effect of tamoxifen [In Process Citation] Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8 863-6 0 Son, H. J. Oh, K. K. 1999 Significance of follow-up mammography in estimating the effect of tamoxifen in breast cancer patients who have undergone surgery AJR Am J Roentgenol 173 905-9 10511146 Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/*therapeutic use, Breast Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*radiography/surgery, Case-Control Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, *Mammography, Middle Aged, Tamoxifen/*therapeutic use http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10511146 7 Blake,G.M. Wahner, H.W. Fogelman, I. 1999 The evaluation of osteoporosis: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultrasound in clinical practice London Martin Dunitz 2nd 0 Cummings, S. R. Eckert, S. Krueger, K. A. Grady, D. Powles, T. J. Cauley, J. A. Norton, L. Nickelsen, T. Bjarnason, N. H. Morrow, M. Lippman, M. E. Black, D. Glusman, J. E. Costa, A. Jordan, V. C. 1999 The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation Jama 281 2189-97 10376571 Aged, Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/metabolism, Double-Blind Method, Endometrial Neoplasms/epidemiology, Estrogen Antagonists/adverse effects/*therapeutic use, Estrogens/*agonists, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/*drug the http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10376571 31 Kelly, T. K. Shepherd, J. A. 1998 A quality control phantom for DXA body composition measurements Lindsey, R. Meunier, P. J. Delavan, WI Osteoporosis International 8 524 Hologic 0 Lucas, F. L. Cauley, J. A. Stone, R. A. Cummings, S. R. Vogt, M. T. Weissfeld, J. L. Kuller, L. H. 1998 Bone mineral density and risk of breast cancer: differences by family history of breast cancer. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group Am J Epidemiol 148 22-9 Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, *Bone Density, Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/*genetics, Cohort Studies, Estrogen Replacement Therapy/*adverse effects, Female, Human, Radius/anatomy , &, histology, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Suppor 0 Breitenstein, D. S. Shaw, C. C. 1998 Comparison of three tissue composition measurement techniques using digital mammograms--a signal-to-noise study J Digit Imaging 11 137-50 9718504 Adipose Tissue/pathology/radiography, Breast/pathology, Breast Neoplasms/*radiography, Comparative Study, Female, Humans, Mammography/*methods, Radiographic Image Enhancement/*methods, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov, ', t, Research Support, U.S. Gov, ', t http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9718504 0 Highnam, R. P. Brady, J. M. Shepstone, B. J. 1998 Estimation of compressed breast thickness during mammography Br J Radiol 71 646-53 9849389 Breast/*anatomy , &, histology, Calibration, Female, Humans, Mammography/*methods, Radiation Dosage, Reference Values, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov, ', t http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9849389 0 Hayward, S. W. Grossfeld, G. D. Tlsty, T. D. Cunha, G. R. 1998 Genetic and epigenetic influences in prostatic carcinogenesis (review) Int J Oncol 13 35-47 9625801 Animals, *Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Humans, Male, Prostatic Neoplasms/*genetics http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9625801 7 1998 Illustrated breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) Reston, VA American College of Radiology (ACR) Third 31 J. A. Shepherd M. Jablonski 1998 Metal Implants I. Fogelman The evaluation of Osteoporosis London Martin Dunitz 2nd 0 Boyd, N. F. Lockwood, G. A. Byng, J. W. Tritchler, D. L. Yaffe, M. 1998 Mammographic densities and breast cancer risk Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7 1133-1144 0 van Gils, C. H. Otten, J. D. Verbeek, A. L. Hendriks, J. H. 1998 Mammographic breast density and risk of breast cancer: masking bias or causality? Eur J Epidemiol 14 315-20 Adult, Bias (Epidemiology), Breast/*pathology, Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/prevention , &, control/*radiography, Case-Control Studies, Confidence Intervals, Female, Human, Logistic Models, Mammography/*statistics , &, numerical data, Mass Screening/* 0 Kerlikowske, K. Grady, D. Barclay, J. Frankel, S. D. Ominsky, S. H. Sickles, E. A. Ernster, V. 1998 Variability and accuracy in mammographic interpretation using the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System J Natl Cancer Inst 90 1801-9 9839520 Breast Neoplasms/pathology/*radiography, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Human, *Mammography, Mass Screening, *Observer Variation, Radiology, Societies, Medical, Support, Non-U.S. Gov, ', t, Support, U.S. Gov, ', t, P.H.S., United States http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9839520 0 Barna, S. L. Shepherd, J. A. Tate, M. W. Wixted, R. L. Eikenberry, E. F. Gruner, S. M. 1997 Characteristics of a prototype pixel array detector (PAD) for use in microsecond framing time-resolved x-ray diffraction studies IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 44 950-956 0 Lu, Y. Ye, K. Mathur, A. K. Hui, S. Fuerst, T. P. Genant, H. K. 1997 Comparative calibration without a gold standard Stat Med 16 1889-905 Absorptiometry, Photon/*instrumentation/*statistics , &, numerical data, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Algorithms, Bone Density/*physiology, Calibration, Comparative Study, Female, Human, Likelihood Functions, Middle Age, Models, Statistical, Osteoporo 0 Cowen, A. R. Parkin, G. J. Hawkridge, P. 1997 Direct digital mammography image acquisition Eur Radiol 7 918-30 9228110 Female, Humans, Mammography/instrumentation/*methods, Radiographic Image Enhancement/instrumentation/*methods http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9228110 31 Shepherd, J. A. Robinson, D. O?Gara, C. Spector, T. 1997 Decubitus lateral vertebral imaging and morphometric analysis using a fan beam absorptiometer Cincinnati, Ohio 4500, QDR, Image works 0 Elvins, D. M. Ring, E. F. J. Hueting, J. E. Stott, J. B. Shepherd, J. Steiger, P. 1997 Precision study of DXA THR Metal Exclusion Osteoporosis International 7 287 qdr-4500, metal removal, prosthetic hip, hologic 31 Jablonski, M. Gorzelak, M. Shepherd, J. A. 1997 Precision of bone density measurement around total hip replacements Ronne, Bornholm, Denmark metal removal, qdr-4500, tha, prosthetic hip 0 Byng, J. W. Critten, J. P. Yaffe, M. J. 1997 Thickness-equalization processing for mammographic images Radiology 203 564-8 Female, Human, Mammography/*methods, *Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted 0 Sternlicht, M. D. Kedeshian, P. Shao, Z. M. Safarians, S. Barsky, S. H. 1997 The human myoepithelial cell is a natural tumor suppressor Clin Cancer Res 3 1949-58 9815584 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9815584 0 Shepherd, J. A. Gruner, S. M. Tate, M. T. Tecotzky, M. 1996 A Study of Afterglow in X-ray Phosphors for Use on Fast-framing CCD Detectors Submitted to the Journal of Optical Engineering. December, 1996. 0 M. B. Williams J. A. Shepherd R. H. Kretsinger 1996 Analysis of Trade-Offs Between Spatial Resolution and Detective Area in Crystallographic Detectors for Use with Large-Unit-Cell Crystals Journal of Applied Crystallography 29 717 Calculations show that, over a large range of cell size, Bragg resolution and X-ray beam width, a single 92 mm diameter micro-channel-plate (MCP) detector outperforms an array of four 256 x 256 mm multiwire proportional chambers. The advantage of the MCP detector are gretest at large cell size, high Bragg resolution and small beam width. 0 Williams, M. B. Shepherd, J. A. Sobottka, S. E. Kretsinger, R. H. 1996 Analysis of trade-offs between spatial resolution and detective area in crystallographic detectors for use with large-unit cell crystals Journal of Applied Crystallography 29 717-26 Microchannel plates, Multiwire proportional chambers, X-ray crystallography, X-ray detection, Spatial resolution, Detective area, Crystallographic detectors, Large unit cell crystals, Efficient acquisition, X ray crystallographic data, Photon counting d Efficient acquisition of X-ray crystallographic data from crystals with one or more large unit-cell dimensions requires simultaneous resolution of many reflections that are tightly packed in reciprocal space. This optimization requires careful matching of detector and beam characteristics, including detector area and spatial resolution, beam intensity and beam size. Two types of photon-counting detectors have been developed at the University of Virginia for use with rotating-anode X-ray sources. One is a flat gas-filled multiwire proportional chamber (MWPC) with delay line read-out and the other uses a solid X-ray absorber and contains microchannel plates (MCPs) with a delay line read-out. The MCP detector has significantly better resolution than the MWPCs but has a smaller sensitive area. As an example of a methodology for comparing the relative acquisition efficiencies of detectors used with rotating-anode X-ray sources, the relative capabilities of these two detectors are calculated. The comparison is made over a range of unit-cell sizes, Bragg resolutions and crystal sizes, taking into account the intensities of the X-ray beams that optimize each detector's performance for a given set of crystal parameters. ArticleMunksgaard International Booksellers & Publishers 0 Cauley, J. A. Lucas, F. L. Kuller, L. H. Vogt, M. T. Browner, W. S. Cummings, S. R. 1996 Bone mineral density and risk of breast cancer in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group [see comments] Jama 276 1404-8 Absorptiometry, Photon, Aged, *Bone Density, Breast Neoplasms/*EPIDEMIOLOGY, Calcaneus, Densitometry, X-Ray, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Fractures, Hip, Human, Multivariate Analysis, Osteoporosis, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, Radius, R 0 Ursin, G. Pike, M. C. Spicer, D. V. Porrath, SA Reitherman, RW 1996 Can mammographic densities predict effects of Tamoxifen on the breast? Journal of the National Cancer Institute 88 129 0 Laskey, M. A. 1996 Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body composition Nutrition 12 45-51 *Body Composition, Bone Density, Comparative Study, *Densitometry, X-Ray/STATISTICS , &, NUMER DATA, Human, Radiation Dosage, Sensitivity and Specificity 0 Lu, Y. Mathur, A. K. Blunt, B. A. Gluer, C. C. Will, A. S. Fuerst, T. P. Jergas, M. D. Andriano, K. N. Cummings, S. R. Genant, H. K. 1996 Dual X-ray absorptiometry quality control: comparison of visual examination and process-control charts J Bone Miner Res 11 626-37 *Bone Density, Comparative Study, Densitometry, X-Ray/*methods/standards, Human, Reference Standards, Support, Non-U.S. Gov, ', t 0 Pietrobelli, A. Formica, C. Wang, Z. Heymsfield, S. B. 1996 Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition model: review of physical concepts Am J Physiol 271 E941-51 *Body Composition, Densitometry, X-Ray/*METHODS, Human, Support, U.S. Gov, ', t, P.H.S. 0 Graham, S. J. Bronskill, M. J. Byng, J. W. Yaffe, M. J. Boyd, N. F. 1996 Quantitative correlation of breast tissue parameters using magnetic resonance and X-ray mammography Br J Cancer 73 162-8 8546901 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8546901 0 Byng, J. W. Boyd, N. F. Little, L. Lockwood, G. Fishell, E. Jong, R. A. Yaffe, M. J. 1996 Symmetry of projection in the quantitative analysis of mammographic images Eur J Cancer Prev 5 319-27 8972250 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8972250 0 Gluer, C. C. Blake, G. Lu, Y. Blunt, B. A. Jergas, M. Genant, H. K. 1995 Accurate assessment of precision errors: how to measure the reproducibility of bone densitometry techniques Osteoporos Int 5 262-70 Bone Density/*PHYSIOLOGY, Densitometry, X-Ray/METHODS/*STANDARDS, Human, Reproducibility of Results 0 Shepherd, J. A. Tecotzky, M. Gruner, S. M. Tate, M. W. 1995 A study of persistence in gadolinium oxysulfide x-ray phosphors SPIE 2519: X-Ray and Ultraviolet Sensors and Applications 24-30 GOS, after-glow 0 S. L. Barna S. M. Gruner J. A. Shepherd R.L.Wixted, 1995 Development of a Fast Pixel Array Detector for Use in Microsecond Time-Resolved X-Ray Diffraction S.P.I.E.2521: Time Resolved Electron and X-ray Diffraction 301-309 0 Laya, MB Gallagher, JC Schreiman, JS Larson, EB Watson, P Weinstein, L 1995 Effect of postmenopausal hormonal replacement therapy on mammographic density and parenchymal pattern Radiology 196 433-437 0 Byrne, C. Schairer, C. Wolfe, J. Parekh, N. Salane, M. Brinton, L. A. Hoover, R. Haile, R. 1995 Mammographic features and breast cancer risk: effects with time, age, and menopause status J Natl Cancer Inst 87 1622-9 Age Factors, Breast Neoplasms/prevention , &, control/*radiography, Female, Human, *Mammography, *Mass Screening, *Menopause, Middle Age, Risk Factors, Time Factors, United States 0 Boyd, N. F. Byng, J. W. Jong, R. A. Fishell, E. K. Little, L. E. Miller, A. B. Lockwood, G. A. Tritchler, D. L. Yaffe, M. J. 1995 Quantitative classification of mammographic densities and breast cancer risk: results from the Canadian National Breast Screening Study J Natl Cancer Inst 87 670-5 Adult, Age Factors, Breast/*cytology, Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/radiography, Canada, Case-Control Studies, Female, Human, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Mammography, Mass Screening, Middle Age, Risk Factors, Support, Non-U.S. Gov, ', t, Time Fa 0 Genant, H.K., Grampp, S., Gluer, C.C., Faulkner, K.G., Jergas, M.J., Engelke, K., Hagiwara, S., Van Kuijk, C. 1995 Universal standardization for dual x-ray absorptiometry: patient and phantom cross-calibrations results Journal of Bone & Mineral Research 9 1503-1514 DXA,, Spine, Hologic, QDR-2000, Cross Calibration 0 Brenner, R. J. 1994 Breast MR imaging. An analysis of its role with respect to other imaging and interventional modalities Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2 705-23 7489318 Breast/*anatomy , &, histology, Breast Implants, Breast Neoplasms/*diagnosis/prevention , &, control/radiography, Contrast Media, Costs and Cost Analysis, Female, Humans, *Magnetic Resonance Imaging/economics/methods/standards, *Mammography/economics/me http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7489318 0 Schor, A. M. Rushton, G. Ferguson, J. E. Howell, A. Redford, J. Schor, S. L. 1994 Phenotypic heterogeneity in breast fibroblasts: functional anomaly in fibroblasts from histologically normal tissue adjacent to carcinoma Int J Cancer 59 25-32 7927899 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7927899 7 Wahner, H.W. Fogelman, I. 1994 The Evaluation of Osteoporosis: Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Clinical Practice London Martin Dunitz 0 Byng, JW Boyd, NF Fishell, E John, RA Yaffe, MJ 1994 The quantitative analysis of mammographic densities Phys Med Biol 39 1629-1638 0 Byng, J. W. Boyd, N. F. Fishell, E. Jong, R. A. Yaffe, M. J. 1994 The quantitative analysis of mammographic densities Phys Med Biol 39 1629-38 15551535 Adult, Breast Neoplasms/*classification/*radiography, Cohort Studies, Comparative Study, Densitometry, X-Ray/*methods, Female, Humans, Mammography/*methods, Middle Aged, Observer Variation, Pattern Recognition, Automated/*methods, Radiographic Image Enhan http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15551535 0 Gail, M. H. Benichou, J. 1994 Validation studies on a model for breast cancer risk J Natl Cancer Inst 86 573-5 8179704 Biometry, Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology, Female, Humans, *Models, Statistical, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), Risk, United States/epidemiology http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8179704 31 Phillips, W. 1993 John, Shepherd fiber optic substrate (03) Brandeis Univ. 0 Shepherd, J. A. Sobottka S. E. Williams M. B. 1993 Design and performance of a novel powder flash evaporator J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A11 1451-1453 0 Shepherd, J. A. Sobottka S. E. Williams M. B. 1993 Performance and fabrication of thin film NaI(Tl) scintillators for use on imaging photomultiplier tubes IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 40 413-416 0 Williams, M. B. Sobottka, S. E. Shepherd, J. A. 1993 Properties of 100-mm X 100-mm triple stacks of microchannel plates used in a sealed detector for x-ray crystallography SPIE: X-ray detector physics and applications II 2009 NaI(Tl), scintillator 0 Gluer, C. C. Faulkner, K. G. Estilo, M. J. Engelke, K. Rosin, J. Genant, H. K. 1993 Quality assurance for bone densitometry research studies: concept and impact [see comments] Osteoporos Int 3 227-35 *Bone Density, Calibration, Cross-Sectional Studies, Human, Longitudinal Studies, Observer Variation, Quality Control, Reproducibility of Results, Support, U.S. Gov, ', t, P.H.S. 0 Shepherd, J. A. Sobottka, S. E. Williams, M. B. 1993 Thin film NaI(Tl) films for large-area high spatial-resolution imaging of x-rays SPIE: X-ray Detector Physics and Applications 2009 109-120 scintillator 0 Meng, XL Rosenthal, R Rubin, DB 1992 Comparing Correlated Correlation Coefficients Psychological Bulletin 111 172-175 0 Warner, E. Lockwood, G. Tritchler, D. Boyd, N. F. 1992 The risk of breast cancer associated with mammographic parenchymal patterns: a meta-analysis of the published literature to examine the effect of method of classification Cancer Detect Prev 16 67-72 1532349 Breast/anatomy , &, histology, Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/pathology, Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies, Female, Fibrocystic Breast Disease/classification/*epidemiology, Humans, *Mammography, Meta-Analysis, Prevalence, Risk Factors http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1532349 0 Williams, M. B. Sobottka, S. E. Shepherd, J. A. 1991 Delay Line Readout of Microchannel plates in a Prototype Position-Sensitive Photomultiplier Tube Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A302 105-112 0 Cummings, S. R. 1991 Evaluating the benefits and risks of postmenopausal hormone therapy Am J Med 91 14S-18S Bone Density/DRUG EFFECTS, Coronary Disease/*PREVENTION , &, CONTROL, Densitometry, Estrogen Replacement Therapy/*ADVERSE EFFECTS, Evaluation Studies, Human, Neoplasms/CHEMICALLY INDUCED, Risk Factors 0 Williams, M. B. Sobottka, S. E. Shepherd, J. A. 1991 Evaluation of an Imaging Phototube Using Microchannel Plates with Delay Line Readout IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 38 158-173 0 Shepherd, J. A. Sobottka, S. E. Williams, M. B. 1991 Imaging Properties of a Delay Line Readout Using Large Microchannel Plates IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 38 154-157 0 Brenner, R. J. 1990 Screening mammography. Medical legal considerations Cancer 66 1348-50 2205364 Breast Neoplasms/*prevention , &, control, Female, Humans, *Jurisprudence, *Mammography/standards, Mass Screening/*legislation , &, jurisprudence, United States http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2205364 0 Peters, R. D. Shepherd, J. A. 1989 A Pendulum with Adjustable Trends in the Period American Journal of Physics 57 535-539 0 Saftlas, A. F. Wolfe, J. N. Hoover, R. N. Brinton, L. A. Schairer, C. Salane, M. Szklo, M. 1989 Mammographic parenchymal patterns as indicators of breast cancer risk Am J Epidemiol 129 518-26 2916545 Adult, Age Factors, Body Weight, Breast Neoplasms/genetics/*radiography, Female, Human, Mammography/*methods, Mass Screening, Middle Age, Risk Factors, Support, U.S. Gov, ', t, P.H.S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2916545 0 Shepherd, J. A. 1988 An Inexpensive BCD counter Interface for the TRS-80 Color Computer II Journal of Undergraduate Research in Physics VI 39-42 0 Goodwin, P. J. Boyd, N. F. 1988 Mammographic parenchymal pattern and breast cancer risk: a critical appraisal of the evidence Am J Epidemiol 127 1097-108 Breast Neoplasms/etiology/*radiography, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Fibrocystic Disease of Breast/*radiography, Human, *Mammography, Precancerous Conditions/*radiography, Risk Factors, Support, Non-U.S. Gov, ', t 0 Saftlas, A. F. Szklo, M. 1987 Mammographic parenchymal patterns and breast cancer risk Epidemiol Rev 9 146-74 Adult, Breast Neoplasms/pathology/*radiography, Female, Human, *Mammography, Middle Age, Risk Factors, Support, U.S. Gov, ', t, P.H.S. 0 Wolfe, J. N. Saftlas, A. F. Salane, M. 1987 Mammographic parenchymal patterns and quantitative evaluation of mammographic densities: a case-control study AJR Am J Roentgenol 148 1087-92 Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Breast Neoplasms/*radiography, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Fibrocystic Disease of Breast/radiography, Human, Mammography/*methods, Middle Age, Risk 0 Boyd, N. F. O'Sullivan, B. Campbell, J. E. Fishell, E. Simor, I. Cooke, G. Germanson, T. 1982 Mammographic signs as risk factors for breast cancer Br J Cancer 45 185-93 Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Breast Neoplasms/pathology/*radiography, Female, Fibrocystic Disease of Breast/pathology/radiography, Human, Mammography, Middle Age, Risk 0 Brisson, J. Merletti, F. Sadowsky, N. L. Twaddle, J. A. Morrison, A. S. Cole, P. 1982 Mammographic features of the breast and breast cancer risk Am J Epidemiol 115 428-37 Adult, Breast Diseases/*radiography, Breast Neoplasms/*radiography, Female, Human, *Mammography, Middle Age, Risk, Support, Non-U.S. Gov, ', t, Support, U.S. Gov, ', t, P.H.S., Xeromammography 0 Brenner, R. J. 1982 X-ray mammography and diaphanography in screening for breast cancer J Reprod Med 27 679-84 6818342 Adult, Breast Diseases/diagnosis/radiography, Breast Neoplasms/*diagnosis/radiography, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Female, Humans, *Mammography/adverse effects, Middle Aged, Risk, *Transillumination http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6818342 0 Hammerstein, G. R. Miller, D. W. White, D. R. Masterson, M. E. Woodard, H. Q. Laughlin, J. S. 1979 Absorbed radiation dose in mammography Radiology 130 485-91 Adipose Tissue/radiation effects, Breast/*radiation effects, Female, Human, *Mammography/adverse effects, Mathematics, Methods, Models, Structural, *Radiation Dosage, Risk, Skin/radiation effects, Support, U.S. Gov, ', t, P.H.S., Thermoluminescent Dosimet 0 Wolfe, J. N. 1976 Breast patterns as an index of risk for developing breast cancer Am J Roentgenol 126 1130-7 Adult, Age Factors, Breast/pathology, Breast Diseases/radiography, Breast Neoplasms/pathology/prevention , &, control/*radiography, Female, Human, Mammography/*methods, Middle Age, *Probability, Prognosis, *Risk 0 Wolfe, J. N. 1976 Risk for breast cancer development determined by mammogrpahic parenchymal pattern Cancer 37 2486-2492 7 Shewhart, W.A. 1939 Statistical Method from the viewpoint of quality control Washington DC Graduate School of the Department of Agriculture 0 Prevrhal, S. Shepherd, J. A. Klifa, C. Gennant, H. K. Mihalko, W. M. Saleh, K. J. Computer-assisted technique to delineate osteolytic lesions around the femoral component in total hip arthroplasty Submitted to Clin. Ortho. and Rel. Resh. 2006.